A Biography of Notorious Auschwitz Doctor Josef Mengele

Josef Mengele (March 16, 1911 - February 7, 1979) was a Nazi SS doctor who experimented on twins, dwarves, and others at the Auschwitz Concentration Camp during the Holocaust. Although Mengele looked kind and handsome, his heinous, pseudoscientific medical experiments, often performed on young children, has placed Mengele as one of the most villainous and notorious Nazis. At the end of World War II, Mengele escaped capture and is believed to have died in Brazil 34 years later. Early Life Born March 16, 1911, in Gà ¼nzburg, GermanyParents were Karl (1881-1959) and Walburga (d. 1946), MengeleTwo younger brothers: Karl (1912-1949) and Alois (1914-1974)Nickname was Beppo1926 diagnosed with osteomyelitis Education and Beginning of WWII 1930 graduated from the GymnasiumMarch 1931 joined the Steel Helmuts (Stahlhelm)January 1934 SA absorbed StahlhelmOctober 1934 left SA because of kidney trouble1935 awarded Ph.D. from the University of MunichJanuary 1, 1937, appointed a research assistant at the Third Reich Institute for Heredity, Biology, and Racial Purity at the University of Frankfurt; worked with Professor Otmar Freiherr von VershuerMay 1937 joined the NSDAP (member #5574974)May 1938 admitted to the SSJuly 1938 awarded medical degree by University of FrankfurtOctober 1938 began basic training with the Wehrmacht (lasted three months)July 1939 married Irene SchoenbeinJune 1940 joined the medical corps (Sanità ¤tsinspektion) of the Waffen SSAugust 1940 appointed an Untersturmfà ¼hrerAttached to Genealogical Section of the Race and Resettlement Office in occupied PolandJune 1941, sent to Ukraine as part of the Waffen SS; received the Iron Cross, Second ClassJanuary 1942 joined the Waffen SSs Viking Division medical corps; earned the Iron Cross, First Class by pulling two soldiers out of a burning tank while under enemy fire; also awarded the Black Badge for the Wounded and the Medal for the Care of the German People; woundedEnd of 1942 reposted to the Race and Resettlement Office, this time in its headquarters in Berlinappointed to Haupsturmfà ¼hrer (captain) Auschwitz May 30, 1943, arrived at AuschwitzConducted medical experiments on  twins, dwarfs, giants, and many othersSeemingly constant presence and participation in the selections at the rampResponsible for selections in the womens campcalled Angele of DeathMarch 11, 1944, his son, Rolf, was bornSometime middle of January 1945, he fled Auschwitz On the Run Arrived at Gross-Rosen camp; then left before Russians liberated it on February 11, 1945Spotted at MauthausenCaptured as a prisoner of war and held in a POW camp near MunichReceived papers from fellow prisoner, Dr. Fritz Ulmann; for vanity reasons had not gotten blood type tattooed beneath arm, American Army did not realize he was a member of the SS and released himAliases include: Fritz Ullmann, Fritz Hollmann, Helmut Gregor, G. Helmuth, Jose Mengele, Ludwig Gregor, Wolfgang GerhardRemained on George Fischers farm for three years1949 escaped to Argentina1954 his father came to visit him1954 divorced from Irene1956 had his name officially changed to Josef Mengele1958 married his brother, Karls, widow - Martha MengeleJune 7, 1959, West Germany issued its first arrest warrant for Mengele1959 moved to Paraguay1964 the Universities of Frankfurt and Munich withdrew his academic degreesAssumed that his remains were buried in Embu, Brazil in a grave marked Wolfgang GerhardBelieved to have d ied on February 7, 1979, on the beach at Bertioga in Embu, Brazil while suffering a stroke while swimming in the ocean.February 1985 a public trial, in absentia, was held at Yad VashemIn June 1985, the body in the grave was exhumed for forensic identification.

Questions On Strategic Human Resource Management Essay

Table of Contents Executive Summary Topic Introduction Body/ Findings Analyse the factors involved in measuring the impact of given HRM strategy Evaluate the available tools used for measuring the effectiveness of HRM strategy Assess key research findings regarding the connection between HRM strategy and organizational performance Evaluate the rationale for ethical codes of conduct/ behaviour in HRM strategy Recommend ways to effectively manage ethical dilemmas regarding whistle blowing, multinational workforce, equal opportunities and diversity Analyse different training methods including specialised training methods Analyse the importance of further education and professional development in the context of NZ organizations Conclusions Recommendations References Appendices Executive Summary Strategic Human Resource Management is an approach to the management of human resources that provide a strategic framework to support long- term business goals and support. This approach is concerned with structure, culture, values, quality commitment and matching resources to future needs. It is to ensure that a company has right people to do right jobs with the required skills, knowledge and abilities at right time. People should be motivated and committed to achieve current and future strategic needs of firm as it enhances the productivity and effectiveness of the organization. The organization has more chances of getting successful by achieving goals andShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Strategic Human Resource Management Essay2125 Words   |  9 PagesStrategic Human Resource Management Version 7 Credits 20 Assignment 1 Group Assignment Learning Outcome 1: Section A: Contingency Model: Contingency theory functions under the notion that organisation and management should act according to the different situations of an individual. 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HRM usually does the advertising, screening, and initial testing; then once hired, basic training and orientationRead MoreThe Field Of Human Resource Management Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary Several studies in the field of Human Resource Management concentrate on the importance of a Human Resources Business Partner to the organisation’s performance. Bredin (2008) notes a shift from traditional to strategic Human Resources Management and the implications for the organisation. Ulrich (1997) suggested how Human Resource Management and the role of a Human Resources Business Partner can contribute to an organisation’s competitive advantage. The objective of this literatureRead MoreEssay The Challenge of Developing Successful Leaders 1237 Words   |  5 Pagesorganizations fail to cultivate the human resources that they already have because; they are unaware of their employees’ potential, they have not implemented a program for mentoring and development, or they may not have the funds to invest in training and development to further their employees’ capabilities. The Society for Human Resources relates that â€Å"developing the next generation of corporate leaders† is one of the major concerns of the majority of human resource executives (â€Å"Future HR Challenges Questions On Strategic Human Resource Management Essay Strategic Human Resource Management Version 7 Credits 20 Assignment 1 Group Assignment Learning Outcome 1: Section A: Contingency Model: Contingency theory functions under the notion that organisation and management should act according to the different situations of an individual. Moreover, in this type of model in management there is no perfect approach in the methods of leadership, because each workplace is unique, the intervention or approaches depends on the current situation the management is facing. To achieve the maximum potential of the working body, leaders or officers must determine and understand the most effective management style for each circumstance. Moreover, contingency is a plan on how to implement actions in dealing with different possible outcomes. Lastly, contingency theory in the work environment determines and prevent undesirable conflicts by handling persons in the altruistic way as possible. Harvard Model: The Harvard Framework has two distinct features. First, the line managers have greater responsibilities in the assurance of the alignment of individual policies and competitive strategy. Second, the objectives of the personnel is to set policies that oversee how individual activities are made and carried out in ways that make them more productive. In addition, in this type of framework, employees are important stakeholders in an institute. Employees have their own individual needs and worries along with other groups such as, shareholdersShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Strategic Human Resource Management Essay7145 Words   |  29 Pagesin the context of NZ organizations Conclusions Recommendations References Appendices Executive Summary Strategic Human Resource Management is an approach to the management of human resources that provide a strategic framework to support long- term business goals and support. This approach is concerned with structure, culture, values, quality commitment and matching resources to future needs. 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The objective of this literatureRead MoreEssay The Challenge of Developing Successful Leaders 1237 Words   |  5 Pagesorganizations fail to cultivate the human resources that they already have because; they are unaware of their employees’ potential, they have not implemented a program for mentoring and development, or they may not have the funds to invest in training and development to further their employees’ capabilities. The Society for Human Resources relates that â€Å"developing the next generation of corporate leaders† is one of the major concerns of the majority of human resource executives (â€Å"Future HR Challenges

Application of Social Contract to Legitimacy Theory in Accounting.

Question: Discuss about the Relevance and Application of Social Contract to Legitimacy Theory in Accounting. Answer: Introduction From last two decades, organization have progressively used their yearly reports to voluntarily report data indentifying with their social activities, especially showing their concern towards natural environment. Organizations are changing their disclosure policy, now they are showing social issue, environmental issue and political issue regarding the performance of the company. Legitimacy theory defined that organizations are bounded by social contract in which organization agrees to do social activities and in return they get authority to meet their objectives without any interference. Deegan (2002) explained that both the term legitimacy and legitimating are different. Legitimacy is the condition which exists when value of the organization is similar to the society whereas legitimation is the process because of which organization is able to view as a legitimate. In todays era, application of social contract to legitimacy theory in accounting plays an important role as it provide satisfaction that organizations actions are appropriate and desirable without harming the interest of the society. Legitimacy theory provides mechanism to understand voluntary disclosure made by the company. First, in this report we will discuss about ethical prospective and voluntarily disclosure of entity, then contract between entity and society in social contract, after that we will study how legitimacy theory overlapped stakeholder theory, institutional theory, and positive accounting theory. At last, summarizes with how to act legitimately for social contract. Relevance and Application of Legitimacy Theory In todays era, application of social contract to legitimacy theory in accounting plays an important role as it provide satisfaction that organizations actions are appropriate and desirable without harming the interest of the society: T Shank (2005). Business entity provides assurance to society that it is complying with the expectation of society. Social contract represents the expectation (implicit and explicit) of society about how business entity should perform its operations. In todays era it is very important to meet the need of the society. Organization have progressively used their yearly reports to voluntarily report data indentifying with their social activities, especially showing their concern towards natural environment. Organizations are changing their disclosure policy, now they are showing social issue, environmental issue and political issue regarding the performance of the company. Rankin, Voght (2000), used Legitimacy theory to show how disclosure regarding social i ssue in yearly report changed around the time. Gordon and Deegan (1996) concluded that increasing disclosure requirement has positive impact on organization. It improves the relationship between society and the organization. A business organization can select the audience which will become part of such disclosures. Media which is favored by business organization for disclosing social and environmental issue is the website of business entity, stand alone reports/ as part of yearly report of the organization. Ethical prospective and voluntarily disclosure of organization Intentional corporate social disclosure are literarily interceded talks which convey an "atmosphere of authenticity" are depended upon by pertinent public as portrayals of authoritative exercises, yields objectives as by large these are not promptly discernible. Voluntarily disclosure enrolls, reverberate enhance prevailing societal topics qualities. Organization influences and influenced by the society in which it perform its work. Traditional financial accounting is not useful because it focus on the information need of the shareholder; it avoids social and environmental disclosures. In todays era it is very important to meet the needs of the society: Saloman (2006) There should be triple bottom line reporting. Triple bottom line reporting considers the impact of social, environmental performance of an organization. Under legitimacy theory bounds and norms are not stringent, so organization needs to be responsive towards that. Patten (1992) explained that there is change in disclosure requirement of US oil mills which exists in Alaska. As per Legitimacy theory there is increase in the disclosure requirement of oil mills, which causes increase in overall disclosure requirement of the industry. Accounting disclosure is the strategy of the organization to manipulate the relationship the relationship of organization with society-ML Defnd (1998). Voluntarily public disclosure in annually report of the organization can be used to implement previous legitimating strategies of the organization. There can be two forms of voluntarily disclosure, one is substantive disclosure another is symbolic disclosure. In substantive disclosure actual changes in organization will be reflected whereas in symbolic disclosure actual changes will not be reflected, but they are made to aligned with social values and expectation of the society: Jo and Kim (2007). Various researchers examined the need of voluntarily disclosure which includes social and environmental disclosure. They also examined the changing pattern in disclosure requirement. To maintain legitimacy in the entity, it is beneficial to provide voluntarily disclosure of social and environmental issue in annual return: Botason (1997) As per ODonovan (1999), organization assumed that media give shape to the concern of the public and yearly report disclosure provides opportunity to the company to cover from negative media coverage. The relation between social contract and financial performance of the organization is very important. According to Oberman (2000), in late 1920, some organizations were doing voluntarily disclosure. Impact of voluntarily disclosure is very dynamic. One sole motive of voluntarily disclosure and ethical reporting is to bring transparency in the reporting system and society must be aware of organizations activities- Walsh (2003). Society has right to information about the organization. It is the duty of the entity to provide voluntarily disclosure regarding social responsibility (social and environmental) to the society. Rankin, Voght (2000), used Legitimacy theory to show how disclosure regarding social issue in yearly report changed around the time. Gordon and Deegan (1996) concluded that increasing disclosure requirement has positive impact on organization. It improves the relationship between society and the organization. Reporting by entity is assumed as a responsibility of entity rather than demand. There are 2 types of responsibility under accountability: one is to take action and another one is to provide a report on those actions which are undertaken by management of the entity. Voluntarily disclosure with financial disclosure helps the organization to get an edge in the market. It is also used to get support from society by fulfilling their demands. Voluntarily disclosure as the term says all, it is not compulsory for the organization to disclose social and environmental issue but if organization perform its function according to norms and by meeting the expectation of society, then definitely that entity will get an edge in the market- Burgstahler (1997). So, organization should perform its activities ethically by considering the need of the society. Sustainability reporting defines that how present activities of the organization are effecting abilities of future generation to fulfill their nee ds. If society wants sustainability reporting from organization then in this case sustainability reporting must be aligned with legitimacy theory to achieve the objective of organization effectively and efficiently. By providing information to the society regarding social, economic and environmental performance of the organization, it will build the trust among society- MH (1996) A great part of the interest for corporate social disclosure can be seen as the consequence of open yearning for data on which to base a supposition about regardless of whether a business organization "suitable" or "right and legitimate" that is , to assess the authenticity of business organization. In addition, a great part of the intentional social divulgence issued by enterprises which can be seen as endeavors at legitimating, that is endeavors to accomplish the status of authenticity" Most of the business organisation voluntarily discloses social information in their annual report. These voluntarily disclosures can take the form of management discussion in yearly reports of the organization or separate disclosure (For example: stand-alone, social, sustainability or environmental report). But the format and content of the stand alone, social, sustainable and environmental disclosure is not provided anywhere. Global reporting initiative which is also known as GRI came into existence in 1997. Global reporting initiative provides guidelines for reporting of social issue, environmental issue and political issue by business organization. The latest version (that is third) of Global reporting initiative was came into existence in 2003(which is known as G3)-Chung (1996). Because of this business organization provide reporting on social issues. The business organization will decide what they have to report, how they will report, and at what level, business organization wil l provide detail to the society regarding social issue. Information inductance is an example of voluntarily social disclosures. A business organization can select the audience which will become part of such disclosures. Media which is favored by business organization for disclosing social and environmental issue is the website of business entity, stand alone reports/ as part of yearly report of the organization. Contract between entity and society in social contract Thomas Hobbes introduces the theory of social contract. Social contract is a contract between which exists between business entity and society where business entity perform its operation. Under social contract two aspects are covered, one is explicit expectation of society from organization, another one is implicit expectation of society from organization. Implicit expectation can be defined as expectation of the society from the business entity, whereas explicit can be defined as legal requirement which organization have to fulfill to operate its business activities effectively and efficiently. Lindblom (1994) concluded that legitimacy theory based upon a notion that there should be social contract between society and organization. A social contract is a contract which defines implicit and explicit expectation of society from the organization. Explicit term can be defined as legal requirement which organization has to fulfill and implicit term can be defined as society expectation. Business entity provides assurance to society that it is complying with the expectation of society. Social contract represents the expectation (implicit and explicit) of society about how business entity should perform its operations: Dechow (1994).During golden years (old time), there was only one measure to know the performance of organization, that was profit maximization. It means that the more company will earn profit, the better it is. Other factors were ignored during that period. But nowadays expectation of public has changed- S Seficik (2004). Now, business entity performs its operation by considering the need of the society. Now, business entities have to disclose social issue, political issue and environmental issue in their annual report. Organization has to tell whether they are compliance with laws and regulation which are levied upon them-EF (1970) Implications if business entity is unable to meet the social contract Society gave permission to business entity to perform their activities by fulfilling their needs. Business organization has to compliance with legal, social and political requirement. But sometimes, business organization faces the problem of legal restrictions which are levied upon them. If business organization is unable to meet the social contract then it will not be able to perform its task (operation) effectively and efficiently. When restriction is imposed upon resources of the business organization then it will not be able to fulfill the demand of customer, and its market share will decline. It is very important for business organization to meet the expectation of society because if business organization will not do so then it will lose its market share and its competitor will get an edge in the market. Social contract is very important for legitimacy in accounting. Social contract provides foundation to the legitimacy theory in accounting. So, it becomes important for organization to consider the demand of society while performing its operation. Social contract theory defines the moral obligation of business organization towards the society. Social contract theory is similar to political theory as per Hobbes. In the 21st century, social contract in legitimacy theory regained momentum in the business organization. Social contract theory provides importance to morality. Social contract defines laws, rules which organization has to follow while performing their operation. Now because of social contract which exists between society and business organization, entity perform their operations by considering environmental, social and political issues. It has a positive impact in the society as a whole. Now there is more accountability. It brings transparency in the system. Social contract is very important in todays era as expectation of society is increasing; they want that business organization should perform their task by fulfilling their expectation. Earlier there was only one sole objective of business organization, that was profit maximization or wealth maximization, which means that increase the earning for the shareholders in any way by ignoring all other factors (social factor, environmental factor and political factor). Now Business organization has to consider all the other factors (social factor, environmental factor and political factor) while maximizing the profit for their shareholder. It can be concluded that it is the positive step for the development of society as a whole. Now business organizations are more accountable and it brings transparency in the system. Main motive of social contract is to bring freedom in the society: It means that society has right to exercise their freedom as per Hobbes. Another main motive is to promote rational interest in the society. According to Hobbes concept of social contract between society and the business organization promote rational interest. Another main motive of social contract between society and the business organization is to bring equality in the society. Equality can be defined in terms of equality of need of the society, Equality for resources (scarce resources) and equality oh power of human. Another main motive of social contract between society and business organization is to promote justice relations. It has two dimensions, one is normative dimension and another one is empirical dimension. Last but not the least, motive of social contract between society and business organization is to raise the sovereignty and interest if individual. These all are the basic motive of social contract. I t can be said that it is the positive step for the development of society as a whole. Legitimacy theory overlapped stakeholders theory, intuitional theory, positive accounting and focuses on social contract and responsibility towards society. All the theories-stakeholders theory, positive accounting theory, legitimacy theory are based upon system. The main aim of these theories is to disclose the relationship between society and the business organization regarding disclosure of information. The business organization influences society in which it performs its operations and vice versa. Political economic theory provides basis for Legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory: Fama (1993). As per Ownes (1996), political theory provides framework for the social, economical and political issue. When there is no Political theory, then in that case economic reporting cannot be done by the business organization. Under political theory, reporting done by business enterprise is the exchange of goods between business organization and environment in which it operates. There are two aspects of theory: one is classical aspect, another one is Bourgeois aspect. The main motive of classical aspect of political economic theory is to reduce or minimize the conflicts in the society. Social disclosure by business organization provides transparency regarding the scarcity of resources: Friedman (1970). But bourgeois aspect of political theory does not provide attention to conflicts in the society. The main motive of bourgeois aspect of political economic theory is to consider the interaction of society with the organization. Both legitimate theory stakeholder theory are originated from bourgeois political economic theory. Stakeholder theory has 2 branches: one is ethical branch (it is also known as normative branch) and another one is positive branch (it is also known as managerial branch). There is so much common in both the theories (stakeholder theory legitimacy theory). Both theories are originated from positive economic theory, but legitimacy theory overlapped stakeholder theory. According to Reed (1983), stakeholder is a group of people who has impact upon organization or vice versa (which means that, activities of the business organization have also impact upon group of individuals). Stakeholders are connected to business organization as their interest is connected to business organization. The main motive of stakeholder theory is to avoid the conflicts between business organization and stakeholder and promote the rational interest of the stakeholder. Stakeholder of the organization has right to get information from management of business organization regarding their performance. Stakeholders can be of 2 types: one is primary stakeholder and another one is secondary stakeholder. Primary stakeholders are those stakeholders who participate in day to day functioning of the business organization, with whom business organization is unable to perform its daily task: Strawer (2001). Examples of primary stakeholder are managers of the business organizations, employees of the business organizations; where as secondary stakeholders are those stakeholders who do not intervene in day to day functioning of the business organization. They are not involved in daily routine in business organization but they have impact upon the organization and they can be influenced by activities of business organization. Example of secondary stakeholder is: shareholders. Shareholders of business entity do not intervene in day to day functioning of business entity but activities of business entity can af fect shareholders and vice versa is also true. As per stakeholders theory, Stakeholders have right to get information from business enterprise regarding the performance. When stakeholder ask the business entity to provide the information regarding the performance of company, then in that business entity cannot deny to stakeholder, company is bounded to provide necessary information to the stakeholder. Information which is provided by company can be assumed as a responsibility of the business organization. There is a managerial branch of stakeholders which examine that whether business organization is fulfilling the expectation of stakeholder or not- Evan and Freeman (1988) Under stakeholder theory, only some group of individual is considered by the business organization whereas in legitimacy theory whole society is considered by the business organization. Stakeholder theory is narrow in terms whereas legitimacy theory is wider in terms because legitimacy theory considers society as a whole whereas stakeholder theory only considers particular group of individual. It can be said that Legitimacy theory overlapped stakeholder theory, besides both the theories are common because both the theories are originated from Positive economic theory- Ullman (1985). There are 2 aspects of stakeholder theory; one is ethical aspect whereas another one is managerial aspect. But the management of the business organization is controlled by both the aspects. Sometimes, Legitimacy theory is compared with Positive accounting theory (hypothesis of political cost). But, social contract provides foundation for legitimacy theory. Legitimacy theory does not depends upon assumption (economic based), according to economic based assumptions all the facts are controlled by profit maximization whereas positive accounting theory is based upon such principle: Starks (2003). Thus, it can be said that legitimacy theory is wider in terms and provides holistic view of the business organization whereas positive accounting theory is narrow in term and does not provide holistic view of the business organization. Positive accounting theory ignores non cost factor whereas Legitimacy theory considers the entire non cost factor, so that organization can perform its function by fulfilling the needs and expectations of society where it operates. It also brings transparency in the system of the business enterprise. It can be concluded that Legitimacy theory overlap ped positive accounting theory (Hypothesis of political cost): Hamilton (1993). Institutional theory is a theory which provides linkage between practices of business organization with social values. Under institutional theory, business organization is inclined towards type of uniformity. As per DiMaggio Powell (1983), there are 2 aspects of institutional theory, one is isomorphism and another one is decoupling. Isomorphism can be defined as process of limiting the power of 1 segment in the population to match the remaining segments that will face same kind of environmental issues. There are 3 processes which come under isomorphic aspect of institutional theory: one is coercive, another one is mimetic and last one is normative. Coercive process is similar to stakeholder theory (managerial branch), in coercive process of isomorphism, business enterprise changes its normal practice due to the influence of the stakeholder upon the business enterprise. Stakeholders who are strong can have same expectation from another business entity: Healy (1999). Under Mimetic pro cess of isomorphism, business enterprise took ideas from its competitor to take an edge over its competitor and it will help to overcome the risk of uncertainty in the business entity. Under normative process of isomorphism, people particular pressurize the business entity to implement particular practice. Another aspect of institutional theory is decoupling, under decoupling, manager of the business entity founds that there is a need to implement particular practice, which can varies from present practice which is followed by the business enterprise. It can be said that legitimacy theory overlapped institutional theory as well- Malin (2006). Legitimacy theory is very important in todays world. It plays a vital role in the development of society as a whole. It also helps business organization to achieve its goal effectively and efficiently by meeting the expectation of society, by following rules and regulation which are implied over business entity under social contract. Legitimacy theory is verified through various processes. Many researchers analyzed the requirement of social, political, environmental disclosure in the business organization. Here are some examples of empirical studies (for legitimacy theory) Patten (1992) explained that there is change in disclosure requirement of US oil mills which exists in Alaska. As per Legitimacy theory there is increase in the disclosure requirement of oil mills, which causes increase in overall disclosure requirement of the industry. Deegan (2002) explained that both the term legitimacy and legitimating are different. Legitimacy is the condition which exists when value of the organization is similar to the society whereas legitimating is the process because of which organization is able to view as a legitimate. Lindblom (1994) concluded that legitimacy theory based upon a notion that there should be social contract between society and organization. A social contract is a contract which defines implicit and explicit expectation of society from the organization. Explicit term can be defined as legal requirement which organization has to fulfill and implicit term can be defined as society expectation. Rankin, Voght (2000), used Legitimacy theory to s how how disclosure regarding social issue in yearly report changed around the time. Gordon and Deegan (1996) concluded that increasing disclosure requirement has positive impact on organization. It improves the relationship between society and the organization. Legitimacy theory is the theory which provides the relationship between disclosure requirement of business enterprise and expectation of the society from business enterprise. As per ODonovan (1999), organization assumed that media give shape to the concern of the public and yearly report disclosure provides opportunity to the company to cover from negative media coverage. The relation between social contract and financial performance of the organization is very important. According to Oberman (2000), in late 1920, some organizations were doing voluntarily disclosure. Impact of voluntarily disclosure is very dynamic. Legitimating theory focus on social contract and it explains the responsibility of the business organization towards the society. Social contract provides foundation to the legitimacy theory. It can be concluded that all the theories are important for the development of society and business organization. Application of particular theory depends upon the circumstances under which business organization is doing its operation. Legitimacy theory overlapped stakeholders theory, intuitional theory and positive accounting theory which are discussed above. As social contract plays an important role in legitimacy theory. Application of social contract in legitimacy theory brings transparency in the system and helps the society as a whole in many ways as discussed above. Act legitimately for social contract Business organization should act legitimately by providing relevant information to the society and by fulfilling their expectation. If organization will act legitimately then automatically it will achieve its goal effectively and efficiently, it provides edge to the organization over its competitor- Lang (1991). Organizations are changing their disclosure policy, now they are showing social issue, environmental issue and political issue regarding the performance of the company. In todays era, application of social contract to legitimacy theory in accounting plays an important role as it provide satisfaction that organizations actions are appropriate and desirable without harming the interest of the society: T Shank (2005). Business entity provides assurance to society that it is complying with the expectation of society. Social contract represents the expectation (implicit and explicit) of society about how business entity should perform its operations. Social contract is very import ant for legitimacy in accounting. When stakeholder ask the business entity to provide the information regarding the performance of company, then in that business entity cannot deny to stakeholder, company is bounded to provide necessary information to the stakeholder. Information which is provided by company can be assumed as a responsibility of the business organization. A business organization can select the audience which will become part of such disclosures. Media which is favored by business organization for disclosing social and environmental issue is the website of business entity, stand alone reports/ as part of yearly report of the organization. As per Thomas Hobbes (1985), in todays era it is very important to fulfill the expectation of society. Expectation of society has changed, now social issues, environmental issues are to be considered by organization. Social contract provides foundation to the legitimacy theory in accounting. So, it becomes important for organization to consider the demand of society while performing its operation. Conclusion It can be concluded that social contract provides foundation to the Legitimacy theory. We address the importance of disclosure of social information, environmental information. From last two decades, organization have progressively used their yearly reports to voluntarily report data indentifying with their social activities, especially showing their concern towards natural environment. Organizations are changing their disclosure policy, now they are showing social issue, environmental issue and political issue regarding the performance of the company. Now because of social contract which exists between society and business organization, entity perform their operations by considering environmental, social and political issues. It has a positive impact in the society as a whole. Now there is more accountability. It brings transparency in the system. Social contract is very important in todays era as expectation of society is increasing; they want that business organization should perf orm their task by fulfilling their expectation. Legitimacy theory overlapped stakeholders theory, intuitional theory and positive accounting theory which are discussed above. As social contract plays an important role in legitimacy theory. Application of social contract in legitimacy theory brings transparency in the system and helps the society as a whole in many ways as discussed above. In nutshell, social contract contributes in the development as a whole. References Lindblom (1994). Implications of organizational legitimacy for corporate social performance and disclosure (3rd ed., Vol. 2). New York: Blackwell. Deegan (2002). An Examination of the Corporate Social and Environmental Disclosures of BHP from 1983-1997. A Test of Legitimacy Theory. Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 213 - 252. doi: 10.1037/sdk00023458. Hobbes, Thomas (1985). Legitimacy Theory. Leviathan C.B Macpherson. London: Penguin Books. Patten (1992). Media Exposure, Public Policy Pressure, and Environmental Disclosure: An Examination of the Impact of Tri Data Availability. Accounting Forum. Vol.26, No.2, pp. 152 - 171. Doi: 10.3209/adk0000067. Rankin, Voght (2000). Firms Disclosure Reactions to Major Social Incidents: Australian Evidence. 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Journal of Business Ethics 70, 165-174.[ Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-006-9103-8] Lang (1991). Cross-sectional Determinants of Analyst Ratings of Corporate Disclosures. Journal of Accounting Research 31, 246-271.[Retrieved from https://public.kenan-flagler.unc.edu/faculty/langm/Publications/Cross-Sectional_Determinants.pdf] M.H (1996). Corporate Disclosure Policy and Analysts Behavior. Accounting Review, p. 71. Lundholm (2000). Voluntary Disclosure and Equity Offerings. Contemporary Accounting Research, p.623. Ritter (1995). The New Issues Puzzle. Journal of Finance 50, 23-51. [Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1995.tb05166.x/abstract] Walsh (2003). Misery Loves Companies: Rethinking Social Initiatives by Business. Administrative Science Quarterly, p. 48, 268-305. Merton (1987). A Simple Model of Market with Incomplete Information. Journal of Finance 42, 483-510. 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Robert Penn Warren Essays (1018 words) - Guggenheim Fellows

Robert Penn Warren Robert Penn Warren, born in Guthrie, Kentucky in 1905, was one of the twentieth century's most eminent American writers. He was a distinguished novelist and poet, literary critic, essayist, short story writer, and coeditor of numerous textbooks. He also a founding editor of The Southern Review, a journal of literary criticism and political thought. The primary influences on Robert Warren's career as a poet were probably his Kentucky boyhood, and his relationships with his father and his maternal grandfather. As a boy, Warren spent many hours on his grandfather's farm, absorbing stories of the Civil War and the local tobacco wars between growers and wholesalers, the subject of his first novel, Night Riders. His grandfather, Thomas Gabriel Penn, had been a calvary officer in the Civil War and was well-read in both military history and poetry, which he sometimes recited for Robert. Robert's father was a banker who had once had aspirations to become a lawyer and a poet. Because of economic troubles, and his responsibility for a family of half-brothers and sisters when his father died, Robert Franklin Warren forsook his literary ambitions and devoted himself to more lucrative businesses. Robert Warren did not always have ambitions to become a writer, in fact, one of his earlier dreams was to become an adventurer on the high seas. This fantasy might have indeed come about, for his father intended to get him an appointment to Annapolis, had it not been for a childhood accident in which he lost sight in one of his eyes. Warren was an outstanding student but there were also many books at home, and he savored reading. His father at one time aspired to be a poet. His grandfather Penn, with whom he spent much time when he was young, was an exceptional storyteller and greatly influenced young Red. But both of these men whom he loved had in some sense failed to achieve. By contrast, Warren was determined to achieve, to be successful. During his college years at Vanderbilt, the sense of being physically maimed, as well as the fear sympathetic blindness in his remaining good eye became almost unbearable. At Vanderbilt University he met Allen Tate, John Crowe Ransom, Donald Davidson, and others interested in poetry. As part of The Fugitives, a private group that met off campus, he delved deeply into poetry, and his first poems were published in their short-lived quarterly. Warren had a remarkable capacity for friendship, and he was in touch with these men all of their lives. For years Tate was "first critic" of his poetry. After graduating from Vanderbilt in 1925, he took a Master's Degree from the University of California at Berkley. After visiting Yale University, he moved to Oxford as a Rhodes scholar, where he wrote his first book: John Brown: The Making of a Martyr in 1929. "Red" Warren, as he was known to his friends, married Emma Brescia in 1930, a marriage which ended in divorce 20 years later. In the last several years of that period, Warren was penned with depression and a lack of new material. His period of dissolution did not end until his second marriage to Eleanor Clark in 1952. Warren received many honors including a Pulitzer Prize for the fiction All the King's Men, 1946: This novel illustrating a powerful Southern governor resembling the Louisiana politician Huey P. Long. . He also produced his complex World Enough and Time, based on the Kentucky hanging of Jeremiah Beauchamp for murder in 1826. The research he done for this book was done at the Library of Congress during the time he was Poetry Consultant there. In this research, he uncovered the sorbid tale of Lilburne Lewis, Thomas Jefferson's nephew, who chopped a young slave girl to pieces with a meat ax. Robert struggled to convert the account of the murder into a long dramatic poem, which was to emerge at last in 1953 as Brother to Dragons: A Tale in verse and Voices, one of the most distinctive long poems in American literature. Warren's marriage to Eleanor and the births of their two children, Rosanna and Gabriel, brought new life into his writing. After the Pulitzer Prize-winning Promises: Poems 1954-1956, dedicated to his children, Warren produced several

Lenovos Nature of Demand free essay sample

Abstract In recent years, despite fierce market competition the personal computer manufacturing company Leno has utilized unique competitive strategies to achieve a rapidly increasing share of the computer and notebook market. Leno is faced with unprecedented opportunity and the challenge and in view of the current market situation, Leno is delivering a message that it intends to cover all market segments, from high-end to low-end. Pricing objectives should flow from and fit in with company level and marketing objectives. Additionally, pricing objectives should be explicitly stated because they have a direct effect on pricing policies as well as methods used to set prices. Leno has established and implemented a successful and complete marketing strategy by utilizing appropriate marketing channels and promotions to target its products to different markets world-wide at a competitive price. Based on different levels of consumers, Leno has developed differentiated products with different prices to cover all market segments effectively. We will write a custom essay sample on Lenovos Nature of Demand or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This differentiated pricing and marketing strategy not only helps Leno to build its rake share world-wide but also maximizes its profits. Nature of demand Leno, the worlds second-biggest maker of personal computers, posted a 54 percent increase in third-quarter profit orders for office computers and acquisitions in Germany and Japan boosted sales. Today, Leno strives to be the global market share leader in each of the market segments that the company currently focuses. Lenos shipments of smartness in China grew four times last quarter. Revenue in Lenos mature-markets division which includes operations in the U. S. , Japan and Western Europe, Jumped 81 percent to $3. Billion. Leno is considering acquisitions to accelerate growth and the company expects to grow its business faster than the overall PC industry. After delivering overachieving laptops, Leno has delivered financial results that also exceeded expectations, producing $8 billion in revenue and $141 million net profit. Large percentage of growth came in part from a 59% sales bump in emerging markets like China, India and Brazil, on top of a 9% growth in its home (US) market. Overall, Leno saw a 24% increase in PC shipments for the third quarter in 2102 world-wide. In addition to PC and laptop market where Leno has enjoyed continued growth, recently Leno has also become the second largest player in Chinas semaphore market, after Samsung, now up controls a commandingly% market share. Price Sensitivity In the 21st century, the production capacity of IT enterprises seriously exceeds, and the price war among manufacturers has become worse. As a large and a key player in the IT industry, Leno is impacted by price wars. However, Leno has demonstrated most vividly and is least impacted by price wars as Leno did not reduce price, while the corporate image enhanced, sales grew and market share expanded, the effective pricing strategy has enabled Leno to exceed in the every market segment that the company currently target TTS. Price sensitive conditions exist in countries such as India, Indonesia and Philippines. These target markets have been very price sensitive and the pricing of Lenos products are key factors for the company to establish itself in these newly emerging economies. Unless they offer some serious innovations and an attractive price tag for their phones tablets, Lenos future especially in the semaphore domain will be uncertain in these price insensitive countries. One of the ways to go about it could be to position the launch of their smartness in sync with the rivals and clearly sending out signals that the company is at par with other players in the market. Substitutes In recent years, Leno has utilized unique competitive strategies to achieve a rapidly increasing share of the computer and notebook market. Leno has a fierce market competition from the major IT firms like Dell and Hewlett-Packard. Leno continues to optimize its marketing strategies for competing in a market previously dominated y major players like Dell and Hewlett-Packard which accounted for 54% and 21% of the international corporate market. Lenos pricing strategy is in accordance with its customer needs and is focused on developing best performance products, at an affordable price to its customers. Additionally, the company focuses on improved customer service experience which maintains a strong customer relationship. Over the past several years, this unique concept of exceptional customer service program gave Leno its core competitiveness and Leno is still invincible in the fierce competition. Demand and Cost Analysis Leno designs and develops products that have relatively simple functions, relatively low prices based on needs of various markets worldwide. Leno utilizes new technologies and sophisticated analytics not only to make its supply chains more responsive to customer demand, but also actively to shape demand towards more profitable business. Various demand driven networks enable Leno to provide flexible pricing, sales incentives, promotions and other marketing tools to stimulate demand for its products. This holistic approach requires improved demand based on ales data, integration of new forecasting and demand management tools with existing supply and a collaborative approach to sales and operations planning in order to maximize profitability. Since its inception, Leno has built its success on product innovation, a highly efficient global supply chain and strong strategic execution to deliver consumer centric innovative products that deliver a blend of mobility, performance and price. Markup Chain within the channel Markup chain is the sequence of markups firms used at different levels in a channel that determines the price structure in the whole channel. Leno uses a standard markup percent and then applies it to all their products which make the pricing easier. Leno markup it products based on their standard operating expenses, customer price sensitivities and other factors, and still provide a reasonable profit to the company. Recently, Leno has attended I TTS decision ton t local Australian buyers with an almost 60 percent mark up on its latest ultrasound, the Carbon XSL. A Thinking XSL Carbon in Australia, costs a $750 premium for the same device as compared to US counterparts. It costs $1999 in Australia and $1JS1299 in North America and it sells through Lenos web portal as well as distributors like Keynes, Ingram Micro and Dicker Data. According to Leno director of products and solutions, the price difference is due to a number of factors including Australian warranty provisions, margins, channel and support. The Leno Carbon XSL is a great looking ultrasound but only time will tell whether Australians would be willing to pay such a huge premium. Price Flexibility Leno offers a wide range of products so there is a great deal of price flexibility with its products. Their portfolio provides flexible options to meet either personal or arable business needs based on market type. Leno not only uses differentiation strategy by persuading customers that a product is superior to that offered by competitors but also uses a focus strategy that is aimed at a segment of the market for a particular product rather than at the whole market. They offer a worldwide single source solution which helps them lower service costs, as well as provide an improved customer service experience without compromising quality and customer satisfaction. Leno offers differentiated products with a price discrimination based n different levels of consumers. This diversification of its products has allowed Leno to provide flexible pricing options to its customer base world-wide. Price Adjustments Leno has established a pricing agreement with schools that provides students with the ability to purchase hardware (laptops, desktops) at a significantly reduced cost. If you are a Leno faceable fan youd be one of the first to know about new products, sweepstakes, and more. Leno also offers limited time monthly e-coupons along with daily, weekly, and monthly hot deals on various websites. Lenos Affinity program offers organizations a solution for Employees, Students, and Members to purchase Leno PC products, accessories and options directly from Leno at discounted prices. Additionally, Leno uses promotions in the form of coupons, instant savings, and online rebates to directly influence it customers. Conclusions Leno started from a small factory to now being one of the worlds most influential brands, exporting its products to over 100 countries and regions world-wide. Lenos strong brand names makes Leno perform well in the market world-wide.

impartial analysis of management accountant

impartial analysis of management accountant An impartial analysis of overall operations can tell you yes or no.How do you know if activity-based costing (ABC) would be right for your company? There's an objective way to decide before your company takes the plunge. For ABC to be effective, a majority of all costs incurred by a significant unit of a business must be analyzed systematically. These costs include not only most fixed and variable factory burden costs, but also some fixed and variable marketing and administrative costs. Implementation of ABC requires a complex, comprehensive process that is costly and time-consuming, so naturally managers would want to be assured of the advantages before embarking on the implementation of ABC.The potential benefits of ABC can be analyzed in advance along two separate dimensions. The first is based on the probability that, in a given application, ABC will produce costs or other results that are significantly different from ones that could be generated with more conventional or less co stly methods.English: an ABC in MukahThe ABC-generated costs may or may not be "better" or more accurate, but they are different in amount. The second dimension of the model seeks to establish that, given that cost information generated by ABC is indeed different, management will use it for significant decisions. Managers must regard ABC information as superior, and the nature of the organization and its competitive, legal, and social environments must allow managers to use the information freely.The factors involved in the first dimension include the number and diversity of products or services produced, the diversity and differential degree of support services used for different products, the extent to which common or joint processes are used, the effectiveness of current cost allocation methods, and the rate of growth of period costs. The factors involved in the second...

Imperialism Dialogue (see instructions) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Imperialism Dialogue (see instructions) - Essay Example You can see that minority populations face at the hands of our government on the basis of imperialism and they have endured for centuries (Zwick 59). We can become a support for them by enabling them to gain freedom. The people of Philippines and black Americans should not be subjugated; they must have their own lives (Zwick 56). I am against President McKinley’s policies that are imperialist. As far as I am concerned, I do not feel at all that I am anti-imperialist, as I believe that people can be controlled by the help of some governance that is strict. We are responsible for the minorities and it is our duty to give them protection whether it is possible with imperialism or any other way (Bartleby.com 2010). We have conquered the land of Philippines and its people have come under our control. Now, they require our support for their defense. Our national strength lies in the fact that United States of America is an imperialist state (Bartleby.com 2010). United States can become a better state if it handles the islands that surround it as the people that live there are in need of our assistance and support. We as world power have a natural right over controlling the minorities according to our own interest. Mark Twain: Well, I believe that every person in this world has a natural right to live his own life with his own will and with full freedom. We conquered Philippines but we have no right to redeem its people (Titta 1997). Theodore Roosevelt: Mr. Twain, you are highly mistaken my dear. Ruling over the world is not an easy task and countries cannot gain world power if we give freedom to everyone (Bartleby.com 2010). As a nationalist, we have to see the interests of our own state and land. Mark Twain: But, this is colonialism and we are subjugating people only for our own interest. As human beings, we are not authorized to allocate people as superior or inferior. I do not say that we should not fight these people